Computer ni pedhiao (Generation of computer)

   Computer ma Technology na aadhare sharuaat na atyarna aadhunik computer sudhi je ferfar ne Generation tarike aolkhavama ave se.

 (1) pratham pedhiao ( first Generation)  1942 thi 1955
 
        1942 thi 1955 sidhino samaygalo computer ni pratham pedhi mate no kahevay se. As pedhi ma computer ni banavat ma "vacuum tibe" ( valv)  no upyog karvama aavyo hato.
       Aa vacuum tube nu kad samanya rite ghanu motu hoy se. Ek andaj mujab aavi 18000 tube  upyog na lidhel jene Karne computer nu kad Vishal ane atikay bani gayel jethi aa computer Vishal praman ma jagya rokata hata.
         Aa Prakar na computer chalu karvama Mota pramanma vijshakti khrahvi padti hati taduprant aa pedhi ma computer ghana j Mota pramanma garmi utppan karta hata. Jene Karne Mota-Mota cold room taiyar Karine Tema aava computer rakhvama aavta. Aa pedhina computer ne chalu karva mate 52 minute jetalo Samay lagato. Aa pedhi na computer ma ek vakhat program lakhya pasi sudhara-vadhara Thai shakta na hata. Computer ni pratham pedhi dramyan nichena computer Banavvama avya hata.
ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC-1, UNIVAC-2 MATK-1, MARK-2, IBM etc.

(2) biji pedh ( second generation ) 1955 thi 1964
    
       1955 thi 1964 sudhi no Samaygalo computer ni biji pedhi mateno kahevay se. aa Samaygala darmiyan "vilayambi shokali" namana scientist dwara bel leboratery ni andar solid state device ni rachana karvama aavi ke je Transistor tarike aolkhavama ave se. Teni shodh Thai. Transistor nu kad vacuum tube ni sarkhamani ma ghanu j nanu hatu.
      Transistor aucha vijadamane zadap thi garam thavano gundharm dharave se. Tethi vacuum tube ni jagya ae have transistor vaparva lagya hata. Transistor vaparva thi Computer nu kad pratham pedhi na computer niysarkhamani ae lagbhag adadhu Thai gayu hatu.
      Aa pedhi IBM  company dwara IBM-1404, IBM-1000, UNIVAC-3 Prakar na computer taiyar karvama aavel hata.

(3) triji pedhi (third generation) 1964 thi 1975

      1964 thi 1975 sudhi no Samaygalo computer ni triji pedhi mate no kahevay se. As darmiyan technology ma utarotar vikas thavane Karne solid state divice ane juda-juda component ne eki sathe silicon dhatu ni chip par Integration karvanu shkya banyu jene Integrated circuit (ic) kahe se.  Ic na Karne computer ni size na khubaj ghatado thayo.

       If na Karne computer nu kad pratham pedhi ane biji pedhi na computer karta ghanu nanu taiyar thayu. Tene ek Nana table par muki shakay tetlu kad dharavatu hatu.

      Triji pedhi dramyan nichena computer taiyar karvama Aavya hata.
IBM-360, IBM -370, Barrogh-5700-6700-7700.

(4) chothi pedhi ( Forth generation) 1975 thi 1985

      1975 thi 1985 sudhi no Samaygalo computer ni chothi pedhi mateno kahevay se. As Samay darmiyan semi-conductor technology no utrotar vikas thato hato. Jene pariname khubaj Mota paye moti-moti electronic circuit nu sankalan karvanu shakya banyu. jene large scale integration (LSI) tarike aolkhavama ave se.

     LSI ne Karne have computer nu kad traney pedhi ni sarkhamanima ghanu j nanu taiyar thayu etle ke jene ek Nani tripai ke table par muki shakay tevu nanu Thai gayu.

    As samayagala darmiyan Dbase, Wordstar, Lotus jeva shaktishali package banavvama aavya hata. As pedhi darmiyan nichena computer bannavama aavya hata.
 IBM PC series, Apple Series, Intel 4004 etc.

(5) panchami pedhi (Fifth generation) 1985 thi pasi 

      Kahevay se ke punch mi pedhi na computer manash ni jem vicharva shakya hashe. Aa pedhi nu computer Koipan nirnay jate samaji-vicharine lase.


      Have aapde aagal joisu computer na parts vishe jankari melvishu ke computer Ketla parts thi banyu se....



       

Modification in Compute

1937 : 1937-38 ma ABC ( atansoft - Berray computer)  ni shodh Dr. Atanasoff ane Graduate student Clifford Berry dwara karvama aavi hati. Aa computer dwara digital computers ni pragati no payo nakhvama aavyo hato.

1948 : J. Presper Eckert ane john Mouchly ae pratham digital computing device ENIAC banavyu. Je 30 tan vajan dharavatu hatu ane tema 18000 vacuum tubes no upyog karvama aavyo hato.

1951 : sau pratham dhandhakiya drashti ae upalabdh Electronic Digital computer UNIVAC (universal Automatic Computer) Remington Rand dwara bajar ma mukavama aavyu hatu.

1953 : IBM Model 650 ae saupratham 1953 ma banavvama kahevama aavyu hatu. IBM dwara 2000 karta pan vadhu system 1954 thi 1962 darmiyan banavvama avi hati.

1957 : 1957 ma computer ma programming Bhasha no saral upyog FORTRAN (Formula Transaction) programming dwara karvama aavyo. Aa Vichar John Backus ae IBM ne 1953 ma aapyo hato ane 1957 ma FORTRAN Compiler bajarma aavi. 

1929 : Cobal ek juni Programming Languages se. Jenu name Common Business Oriented Language se.  Cobol Grace Marry Hopper dwara 1959 ma banavvama aavi hati.

1964 : Basic ( Beginner's All - Purpose  Symbolic Instructions Code) ae high level programming language se. Basic ni design John George Kemeny ane Thomas Kurtz dwara 1964 ma taiyari karvama avi hati. Te user-friendly ane clear error massage apati language se.  Aa language mate computerna hardware ne samjavani Jaroor se.

1969 : United States Department of Defence (ARPA)  dwara taiyar Karel ARPANET ae vishvanu pratham Operational Pocket Switching Network hatu. Te vishvanu sau pratham shodhayel Network hatu.

1976 : 1976 ma stave Wozniak ane stave Jobs dwara Apple Computer ma sau pratham signal circuit board no upyog karvama aavyo hato. 

1984 : 1984 ma apple dwara Macintosh computer ma mukavama aavya. Je Graphical user interface se. 

1992 : 1992 ma Microsoft dwara Window Operating system 3.1 loanch karvama aavi hati. Tema Nava Features Jova malya. Jeva k, True Type Fonts, Multimedia, Capability, Object Linking and Embedding  (OLE).

1995 : 1995 ma Microsoft dwara Window 95 Operating System Bajar ma mukavama aavyu.

1997 : 1997 ma Microsoft company dwara Internet Explorer 4.0 Bajar ma mukavama aavyu.

2002 : 2002 ma Microsoft dwara .NET strategy ne loanch karvama aavi.  Je Web aadharit service ma Mahatvano bhag bhajave se.

2005 : 2005 ma apple kampani pocket size na iPod, audio, Players navu version bajarma mukyu.

2006 : Apple Intel ae Micro processor vala Macintosh computer nu vechan sharu karyu se. 

Microsoft Company dwara Window vista namni navi Operating system loanch karvama aavel se. 

2009 : 2009 ma Microsoft dwara Windows7 ne loanch karvama aavyu se. te Microsoft ni latest Operating system se tena ghana Badha Nava features introduce karvama ave se.

   Aagal computer na knowlage mate Ame tamne janavishu computer ni padhiao  (Generation of computer)  

Computer fundamental ( use of computer)

• Computer na upyog(use of computer)

    Computer ae darek karyama madad roop thatu yatra se.  Computer no upyog darek kshetra ma thay se.  Jema na amuk kshetro aa mujab se.
  Scientific research        Engineering 
  Business application     Bookpublishing
  Entertainment.               Banks 
  Communication             Games 
   Madicine                          Education 
   Personal.                         Accounting 

(1) scientific research :
      Computer no sauthi pahelo upyog vaigyanick sanshodhan mate thayo hato. Computer sanchalit robots ni madad thi, jya koi vaykati ne bhayajanak hoy tya aa robots Pahochi shake se.  Computer vagar shanshodhano nu pruthkaran karvu Saram nathi.

(2) Business Application

       Nana vepariyo pan Potanu Acount have computer ma rakhta thaya se.  Multiple company ao computer dwara samagrah vishwama potana vepar par dhyan rakhi shke se.
       Computer dwara samyantre thata ferfarni mahiti business ma management level dwara text ke graphic swaroop ma Joi shakay se.  Jemake charts,Graphics, etc.

(3) Entertainment :

        Movie, Animation films, News paper ane Tv ma vagere na upyog mate computer no bahola pramanma upyog thay se Mota bhag ni animation films Pahela computer ma bane se. Tyarbad television media ma rupantar karwama aave se.

(4) communication :
      
       Internet ae samagrah vashva na Badha desho ne najik lavi didhu se. E-mail ke Electronic mail, sandesha, reports, photos, files vagere ek vaykati biji vaykati ne ghani aochhi kimmat mokali shake se.

(5) medicine :

       Medicine kshetra ma computer no upyog samanya rite dardi ni ymahiti, robots dwara karvama aaveli surgery ni mahiti vagere sachavva mate thay se. HiiComputer dwara blood pressure, heart beats vagere ni mahiti pan zadpi melvi shakay se.

(6) engineering :
   
       Computer no upyog vastu nu utapadan thay te pahelani design taiyar karva mate thay se.  Designs taiyar karva mate khas Karine CAD(computer Aided Designe) ni madad levama aave se.  Koipan vastu nu utapadan thya Pahela Te kevi dekhashe Te compute ma taiyar kari joy shakay se. Ek vakhat design taiyar thai gaya pasi CAM (computer aided manufacture) dwara zadpi ane saraltathi tenu production Thai shake se.
      Architects computer dwara buildings na nakasha taiyar kare se ane computer dwara testing pan kare se Jemake,kudarati honarat jevi bhukamp ma building sahan kari shakshe ke nahi.

 (7) Book publishing :
   
      DTP ( DESK TOP PUBLISHING ) Dwara computer no mahatam upyog book publishing mate kari shakay se.

(8) Banks :

       Banking pan Avu ek kshetra se je computer no mahatam upyog kare se ATM ( Automated teller machine)  ane Nat Banking tenu uttam udaharan se. Net Banking dwara rupiya ek khata mathi bija khata ma sarlatathi transfer Kari shakay se tethi cheque book request, stop payment request, utility bill payment vagere pan net banking dwara kari shakay se. Debit card ane credit card no upyog computer dwara shakya banyo se.

(9) Education :

       Computer Based training (CBT), computer Assisted Learning  (CAL), computer Assisted instructions (CAI)  vagere jeva program dwara ganit bhautikvigyan, job vigyan jenmke Educational CD dwara pan abhyash computer ni madad thi shakya banyo se.

(10) Games :

     Computer upar kalako sudhi educational, entertainment, adventure, actions vagere games Rami shakay se.  Cricket, chess, football, card games  vagere javi games pan computer upar Rami shakay se.

 (11) Accounting :

      Accounting mate khas Software jeva ke Tally 7.2, 8.1 dwara company Financial accounts ane inventory management pan kari shake se. Computer ni madad thi Acount maintain karvanu saral banyu se.  Account  nu samanya gyan dharavati vaykati pan Trial Balance, profit & loss Acount ane Balance sheet taiyar kari shake se.

Aapne aagal computer fundamental ma computer Atle su Te joyu ane atyare apde joyu ke computer no upyog Su se. Ane aagal aapde joisu ke computer no udabhav kevi rite thayo modification in computer,


      

Computer fundamental

Computer etle Shu? ( what is computer?)

Computer ae khubaj zadpi karya kartu electronic sadhan se. Jema ganitik temaj tarkik(logical) Karyo kari shakay se. Temaj mahiti no sangrah kari shakay se. Sangrah kareli mahiti ne pasi melvi shakay se. Ane Sena upar je koi prakriya karvi hoy ae prakriya aekadam choksai puravak ane zadapthi kari shakay se. Computer avi sarchana chhe ke jema mukhya 3(three)karyo thay se.

Computer no itihas ( history of computer)

  Computer no upyog Mota bhage ganatari karva ane data no sangrah karva thay se.  Chhalo apne janiye ke darek sthale upyog thata computer ni shodh kevi rite ane Kyare Thai.
Prachin samayama ganatri karva mate lakadani sali no upyog karta hata.

Computer ni lakshanikatayo( characteristics of computer )

Gati (speed)
  Computer ae khubaj zadpi thi karya karti electronic sarchana se. Je karya manushya ne karta kalako na kalako lage se Te j karya ganatrini secondo ma j kari aape se.
Computer ek second ma lakho akadaao ni ganatari kari aape se.

Chhokasai athava chhokasta (Accuracy) 
  Computer game tetlu motu karya karvama aave to pan Te kayarek potana karya ma bhul kartu nathi. Atle ke Te potani Chhokasai jalvi rakhe se. 
Iske alawa computer ki lakshanikata ao ma smaran shakti( memory capacity) akagrata (concentration) all rounder(versatility) vishwaspatrata(reliability) aur chitratmak rajuaat(graphical presentation).

Ane agal aapde shikhishu computer na upyog Shu se.